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ES EVM (ЕС ЭВМ, Единая система электронных вычислительных машин, meaning "Unified System of Electronic Computers") was a series of clones of IBM's System/360, System/370 and System/390 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since 1960s; the production was continued till 1998. The total number of ES EVM mainframes produced was in excess of 15,000.

In the period since 1986 till 1997 there were also produced a series of PC-compatible desktop computers, called ПЭВМ ЕС ЭВМ (Personal Computers of ES EVM series); the newer versions of these computers are still produced under a different name on a very limited scale in Minsk.

In 1966 the Soviet economists suggested to create a unified series of mutually compatible computers. Due to the success of the IBM System/360 in the USA, the economy planners decided to utilize the IBM design, although some prominent Soviet computer scientists had criticized the idea and suggested instead to choose one of the Soviet indigenous designs, such as БЭСМ or Minsk. The first works on the cloning began in 1968; production started in 1972. In addition, since 1968 other Comecon countries joined the project.

Contrary to the popular myth, the Soviet engineers did not "use the IBM technology, stolen by the KGB". During 1960s-1970s, a number of other companies, such as Amdahl, Siemens and Hitachi, had also cloned the IBM architecture without IBM's approval. With the exception of just a few hardware pieces, the ES machines were recognized in the Western countries as independently designed, based on legitimate Soviet patents [1]. Unlike the hardware, which was quite original, mostly created by reverse-engineering, much of the software were based on slightly modified and localized IBM code. In 1974-1976 IBM had contacted the Soviet authorities and expressed interest in ES EVM development; however, after the invasion of the Soviet Army in Afghanistan, in 1979, all contacts between IBM and ES developers were interrupted, due to the US embargo on technological cooperation with the USSR.

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